Saturday, August 31, 2019

Tqm of Jakel Silk House Company

Part A 1. 0 Introduction of the organization: Jakel Silk House Jakel Silk House was established with the belief that are the catalysts to bring fashion in Malaysia from a medium to higher level with the support of the distinguished partners and clients. The firms are working together with the fashion industry to user in a new era of fashion, from a company of Malaysians for Malaysians. The focus of Jakel Silk House is to put one of Bumiputra on the Malaysian stage of fashion fabrics. The company realizes that it is a daunting task. However, the company believes that in this endeavor comes opportunity. Mission or objective is very important to each business firm and the firm must have clear mission so that they can make good planning to achieve their objective. Jakel Silk House mission is to innovate, recreate and to rediscover the area of fashion fabrics. Other than that, Jakel Silk House has something for every woman, every home and every occasion. Choose from a spectrum of sub line creations ranging from high-end prices for limited edition pieces to the very affordable. Fabrics from Jakel Silk House display an elegance aura of grandeur with the most saleable fabrics in expression of chiffon, crepe, satin and jacquard silk. Some of this rich range of silk are immaculately finished in embroidery of embellished with fine beads, sequins, machine-sewn of meticulously hand sewn. In addition, to a contemporary collection of crepe, georgette, tissue and silk in various colors, patterns and designs, Jakel Silk House also has wide range of fabrics for curtains and upholstery complete with matching trimmings. Other than that, Jakel Silk House also provides a made-to-measure service where customers select the fabrics of their choice and Jakel Silk House will complete the task right up to installation. As a leading supplier of fabrics, Jakel Trading has been in the forefront bringing in the finest fabrics, silk and textiles products from all over the world including exclusive fabrics from Korea, France, Spain and Italy. The interesting thing about Jakel is their focus solely on high-end fabrics. Jakel are also extending their product line to cater to the mid-range market. Because of their expertise in this industry, they are able to bring in more affordable products. Some of the more renowned brand names found at Jakel's stores are Valentino, Pierre Cardin, Zegna, Armani, Lorenzo Riva, Ungaro and Solstiss. Part B 2. 0 Introduction to TQM (Total Quality Management) TQM is a set of management practices throughout the organization, functioning as to ensure the organization consistently meets or exceeds customer requirements. TQM places strong focus on process measurement and controls as means of continuous improvement. TQM is a description of the culture, attitude and organization of a company that aims to provide, and continue to provide, its customers with products and services that satisfy their needs and demand. The culture requires quality in all aspects of the company's operations, with things being done right first time, and defects and waste eradicated from operations. Important aspects of TQM include, customer-driven quality, top management leadership and commitment, continuous improvement, fast response, actions based on facts, employee participation etc. Customer-driven quality is all about customer satisfaction and it is seen as the company's highest priority. The company will only be successful if customers are satisfied. The TQM is sensitive to customer requirements and responds rapidly to them. In the TQM context, `being sensitive to customer requirements' goes beyond defect and error reduction, and merely meeting specifications or reducing customer complaints. The concept of requirements is expanded to take in not only product and service attributes that meet basic requirements, but also those that enhance and differentiate them for competitive advantage. Top management leadership need the TQM method to success and have the best commitment. It has to be introduced and led by top management. Attempts to implement TQM often fail because top management doesn't lead and get committed. Instead it delegates and pays lip service. Commitment and personal involvement is required from top management in creating and deploying clear quality values and goals consistent with the objectives of the company, and in creating and deploying well defined systems, methods and performance measures for achieving those goals. These systems and methods guide all quality activities and encourage participation by all employees. The development and use of performance indicators is linked, directly or indirectly, to customer requirements and satisfaction, and to management and employee remuneration. Base on our interview, Jakel Silk House had applied TQM on its marketing department as well and had achieve many sucess in the business. Table 1. Hierarchy of TQM principles by Deming No. TQM Principles 1Decision of management to attain the highest quality of work. 2Decision to satisfy requirements of the consumer Rendering of some functions and responsibility from the top level down 4Group influence on the individual in team work 5Regulation of system and processes inside the organization 6Definition of quality and the creation of the quality standards 7Quality measurement in chemistry laboratories 8Sustainable quality improvement in chemistry laboratories 9Comparison of experiences at other chemistry laboratories 10Perception of the whole process 11Improvement of employees qualifications and training 12Definition of problems in one's organization 13Solution of problems in one's organization 14Quality assurance in one's organization 5Active management in chemistry laboratories-actions for avoiding problems 16Ensuring quality of material suppliers 17Communication inside the organization 18Recognition and inducement of employees, i. e. a reward system Part C 3. 0 Why/where (division/department/location) and how the issue topic/ method/ practice is implemented/applied in the organization 3. 1 Marketing Department Jakel Silk House implementing the Total Quality Management especially in their Marketing Department. This is because that marketing department is the one who were concerned or deal with defining the needs of the effectiveness and customers the most. Therefore every aspect of marketing function needs to be completed with quality. Quality control at the production stages is as much the common concern of all divisions as it is the individual responsibility of the technology, production technology, purchasing, manufacturing, inspection, ditribution, customer service and the other divisions. The discussion here is focused on process analysis, process control, quality assurance, process improvement and quality control in purchasing, all of which are essential to mantaining and improving quality. Jakel Silk House apply TQM to create constancy of purpose toward improvement of the product and service so as to become competitive, stay in business and provide jobs. Jakel also adopt the new philosophy. Because Jakel Silk House are in a new economic age. It’s no longer need live with commonly accepted levels of delay, mistake, defective material and defective workmanship. In cease dependence on mass inspection; require, instead, statistical evidence that quality is built in. Jakel need improve the quality of incoming barriers. End the practice of awarding business on the basis of a price alone. Instead, depend on meaningful measures of quality, along with price. On the other hand to find the problems: constantly improve the system of production and service. There should be continual reduction of waste and continual improvement of quality in every activity so as to yield a continual rise in productivity and a decrease in costs. Institute modern methods of training and education for all. Modern methods of on-the-job training use control charts to determine whether a worker has been properly trained and is able to perform the job correctly. Jakel used the modern methods of supervision. The emphasis of production supervisors to help people to do a better job. The Improvement of quality will automatically improve productivity. The Jakel Silk House management must prepare to take immediate action on response from supervisors concerning problems such as inherited defects, lack of maintenance of sales, poor tools or fuzzy operational definitions. Fear is a barrier to improvement so drive out fear by encouraging effective two-way communication and other mechanisms that will enable everybody to be part of change, and to belong to it. Fear can often be found at all levels in an organization: fear of change, fear of the fact that it may be necessary to learn a better way of working and fear that their positions might be usurped frequently affect middle and higher management, whilst on the shop-floor, workers can also fear the effects of change on their jobs. There was a break down barriers between departments and staff areas. People in different areas such as research, design, sales, administration and production must work in teams to tackle problems that may be encountered with products or service. They should eliminate the use of slogans, posters and exhortations for the workforce, demanding zero defects and new levels of productivity without providing methods. Such exhortations only create adversarial relationships. Eliminate work standards that prescribe numerical quotas for the workforce and numerical goals for people in management, substitute aids and helpful leadership also can be applied. Remove the barriers that rob hourly workers, and people in management, of their right to pride of workmanship. This implies, abolition of the annual merit rating (appraisal of performance) and of management by objectives. Institute a vigorous program of education, and encourage self-improvement for everyone. What an organization needs is not just good people; it needs people that are improving with education. Top management's in Jakel Silk House compay must permanent commitment to ever-improving quality and productivity must be clearly defined and a management structure created that will continuously take action to follow the points. Part D 4. 0 Issues/problems faced by the organization in implementing the topic/method (TQM) 4. 1 Commitment Commitment shown at the canopy of the tree shows the importance of this management team in the quality process. Only a strong commitment towards the implementation of the standard can guarantee its successful completion and continuous improvement. Sometimes it is assumed that to appoint a quality consultant or to fill the quality representative position is the sole responsibility of the supreme authority. This assumption is totally wrong, only a strong and committed boss will drive its company on the way to TQM. The management representative is the head of an organization pursuing quality, and infects every member of that organization who is the least concerned with quality procedures. The management representative is himself responsible for the smooth running of the system. Management is like a brain and all members act as the parts of body, if even a single part does not work properly it will affect the procedure of the whole system. The personnel at the conversion stage are the real factors of success of the system. So the commitment to quality should be enrooted deeply in the quality system organization. Motivation in this regard will help a lot to achieve the ultimate target (quality motivation). Jakel Silk House company should have the high commitment to apply TQM on the business not only from the top management but also the workers. 4. 2 Strategies The next issues in pursuing the quality objective is to develop strategies. The most common procedure is to develop quality policies and quality plans. Well that’s exactly the right way to do the things, but remember only creating the quality policy and making quality plans is not enough. It will be effective only when this quality policy is communicated at every level of the organization. The quality policy should be stated in the most simple way so that every individual can understand it. In case of organizations having employees from different linguistic levels, its suggested to translate the quality policy into their languages, this will help to communicate the concept deep in the organization. Quality plans are also of core value in a quality system, but it has been observed that for some individuals the term is confusing. Most often it is thought that separate planning should be done in order to carry out the process. The fact is that this assumption is wrong. Planning can be categorized in many ways; there may be long-term planning, medium term planning, and short-term planning. Every level of planning should be considered separately in the quality system. The short term planning should always be in the view of long term planning, short-term plans may be daily plans or weekly plans or even monthly plans, but they do affect the long-term strategies of the organization. Jakel Silk House company must plan its strategies for the short term and long term to avoid the problem when implementing the TQM on the business. 4. 3 Teamwork The most significant part of the quality system is the teamwork. The single individual cannot achieve the goal in its real sense. Quality teams and quality circles are two basic techniques used most often in quality management. Quality circle is synonymous to management by objectives (MBO) in management’s terminology. For example quality circles were first of all evolved in Japan as a productivity improvement technique, but now this term is used in a much more elaborate scope. People are grouped from the same organizational area and a leader is appointed in order to monitor the objectives, these teams are self motivated and thoroughly trained to achieve the specific objective. In this way participation of every member is assured by assigning specific tasks. For example, one thing that might be important in teamwork is the rotation of the job, in order to ensure the smooth running of the process even in the absence of any member in the company. This is also the dilemma of many organizations that responsibilities are not rotated among coworkers, which might be the major cause of slow progress of organizations. So, all member in Jakel Silk House must trust each other so that they can create good teamwork and doing well in their business. . 4 Customer-driven quality TQM has a customer-first orientation. The customer, not internal activities and constraints, comes first. Customer satisfaction is seen as the company's highest priority. The Jakel Silk House company believes it will only be successful if customers are satisfied. The TQM company is sensitive to customer requirements and responds rapidly to them. In the TQM context, `being sensitive to customer requ irements' goes beyond defect and error reduction, and merely meeting specifications or reducing customer complaints. The concept of requirements is expanded to take in not only product and service attributes that meet basic requirements, but also those that enhance and differentiate them for competitive advantage. Each part of the Jakel Silk House company is involved in Total Quality, operating as a customer to some functions and as a supplier to others. The Marketing Department is a supplier to downstream functions such as Manufacturing and Field Service, and has to treat these internal customers with the same sensitivity and responsiveness as it would external customers. . 5 TQM leadership from top management TQM is a way of life for Jakel Silk House company. It has to be introduced and led by top management. Attempts to implement TQM often fail because top management doesn't lead and get committed instead it delegates and pays lip service. Commitment and personal involvement is required from top management in creating and deploying clear quality values and goals consistent with the objectives of the company, and in creating and deploying well defined systems, methods and performance measures for achieving those goals. These systems and methods guide all quality activities and encourage participation by all employees. The development and use of performance indicators is linked, directly or indirectly, to customer requirements and satisfaction, and to management and employee remuneration. 4. 6 Continuous improvement Continuous improvement of all operations and activities is at the heart of TQM. Once it is recognized that customer satisfaction can only be obtained by providing a high-quality product, continuous improvement of the quality of the product is seen as the only way to maintain a high level of customer satisfaction. As well as recognizing the link between product quality and customer satisfaction, TQM also recognizes that product quality is the result of process quality. As a result, there is a focus on continuous improvement of the Jakel Silk House company's processes. This will lead to an improvement in process quality. In turn this will lead to an improvement in product quality, and to an increase in customer satisfaction. Improvement cycles are encouraged for all the company's activities such as product development, use of EDM/PDM, and the way customer relationships are managed. This implies that all Jakel Silk House activities include measurement and monitoring of cycle time and reponsiveness as a basis for. Seeking responsiveness as a basis for seeking opportunities for improvement. Elimination of waste is a major component of the continuous improvement approach in this company. There is also a strong emphasis on prevention rather than detection, and an emphasis on quality at the design stage. The customer driven approach helps to prevent errors and achieve defect-free production. When problems do occur within the product development process, they are generally discovered and resolved before they can get to the next internal customer. 4. 7 Fast response To achieve customer satisfaction, the Jakel Silk House company has to respond rapidly to customer needs. This implies short product and service introduction cycles. These can be achieved with customer-driven and process-oriented product development because the resulting simplicity and efficiency greatly reduce the time involved. Simplicity is gained through concurrent product and process development. Efficiencies are realized from the elimination of non value adding effort such as redesign. The result is a dramatic improvement in the elapsed time from product concept to first shipment. 4. 8 Actions based on facts The statistical analysis of marketing and manufacturing facts is an important part of TQM. Facts and analysis provide the basis for planning, review and performance tracking, improvement of operations, and comparison of performance with competitors. The TQM approach is based on the use of objective data, and provides a rational rather than an emotional basis for decision making. The statistical approach to process management in both marketing and manufacturing recognizes that most problems are system-related, and are not caused by particular employees. In practice, data is collected by Jakel company and put in the hands of the people who are in the best position to analyze it and then take the appropriate action to reduce costs and prevent non-conformance. Usually these people are not managers but workers in the process. If the right information is not available, then the analysis, whether it be of shop floor data, or marketing test results, can't take place, errors can't be identified, and so errors can't be corrected. 4. 9 Employee participation A successful TQM environment requires a committed and well trained work force that participates fully in quality improvement activities. Such participation is reinforced by reward and recognition systems which emphasize the achievement of quality objectives. On going education and training of all employees supports the drive for quality. Employees in Jakel Silk House Company are encouraged to take more responsibility, communicate more effectively, act creatively, and innovate. As people behave the way they are measured and remunerated, TQM links remuneration to customer satisfaction metrics. 4. 10 A TQM culture It's not easy to introduce TQM. An open, cooperative culture has to be created by Jakel Silk House management. Employees have to be made to feel that they are responsible for customer satisfaction. They are not going to feel this if they are excluded from the development of visions, strategies, and plans. It's important they participate in these activities. They are unlikely to behave in a responsible way if they see management behaving irresponsibly saying one thing and doing the opposite. 4. 11 Product development in a TQM environment Product development in a TQM environment is very different to product development in a non TQM environment. Without a TQM approach, product development is usually carried on in a conflictual atmosphere where each department acts independently. Short term results drive behavior so scrap, changes, work-arounds, waste, and rework are normal practice. Management in Jakel Silk House should focuses on supervising individuals, and fire fighting is necessary and rewarded. Product development in a TQM environment is customer driven and focused on quality. Teams are process oriented, and interact with their internal customers to deliver the required results. Jakel Silk House management's also must focus on controlling the overall process, and rewarding teamwork. Part E 5. 0 Conclusion Focusing on quality, combined with increasing costs of materials, equipment, labor and advertising are driving the implementation of TQM as a competitive strategy in all types of organizations. These forces for change also provide an opportunity for an expanded role of marketing department management in making TQM succeed. Quality can no longer be viewed as the responsibility for one department. It is a companywide activity that permeates all departments, at all levels. The key element of any quality and productivity improvement program is the employee. Consequently, employee commitment to a TQM program is essential. Because of its fundamental employee orientation, Jakel Silk House should seek the responsibility for implementing TQM programs rather than risk losing their influence over the key element of TQM that the employee. Organizations with a solid reputation for providing high customer satisfaction have a common viewpoint: consistently taking care of the smaller duties is just as important as the larger concerns. Just as they attempt to instill an overall quality philosophy across the company, Jakel can emphasize consistent quality in its own operations. The day-to-day delivery can be just as important as developing strategic programs that may have higher visibility and supposedly greater long term consequences. As a manufacturing company Jakel Silk House is best able to take charge of these important functions as they relate to a TQM strategy. The full potential of the entire work force must be realized by encouraging commitment, participation, teamwork, and learning. Jakel Silk House is best suited to accomplishing this by modeling these qualities. Leading by example, the marketing department in Jakel Silk House Company could then sustain the long term TQM process company wide. A byproduct of setting a TQM example can be the improved standing of the marketing department in the eyes of other, traditionally more influential departments. But, the primary end result can be total quality management as a successful competitive strategy for organizational survival. 6. 0 Reference 1. David L. Goetsch, Stanly Davis: Quality Management: Introduction to Total Quality Management for production, Processing, and Services, Prentice Hall Inc, New Jersey, 2000. . Robert W. Ingram,Thomas L. Albright, John W. Hill: Managerial Accounting, Information for Decision 3rd edition, South Western, Canada, 2003. 3. Gopal K. Kanji: Total quality management, Proceedngs of the first World Congress, First edition 1995, Printed in Great Britain by Hartnolls Ltd,Bodmin,Cornwall. 4. Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, Managerial accounting, Twelfth Edition, Printed in Sin gapore. 5. http://www. johnstark. com/fwtqm. html. 6. Interview with Jakel Silk House Company. 7. 0 Appendices 2 Jakel Silk House (Alamesra branch)

Friday, August 30, 2019

My Secret: Pacific Rose

When I think about art I see Picasso. I see faces, colors, things that should never be together are now one, a happy one: collages, statues, weird figures everywhere. Art is an adventure through expression, style, and creativity. When I say adventure I’m speaking of a safari mixed with a survival of the fittest, spitting out only greatness and uniqueness. In Charlotte, North Carolina’s Mint Museum there were many that attempted this adventure but one in particular who made it through was Jon Kuhn; his adventure was backed up by a breathtaking piece called Pacific Rose. Jon Kuhn’s background makes him seem as if he is a world renowned artist. Yet he is a very underrated artist with an array of accomplishments. Kuhn’s specialty is glass work but unlike other artists who use molten and blown glass, Kuhn uses cold glass that is cut, polished, and fused into many shapes from the outside in (Kuhn). This unique style of work has lead Kuhn to be featured in over 40 international museums, and a few public and private residences. One of his greatest accomplishments is having a few of his pieces claimed by the White House’s permanent collection. With such a broad resume Jon Kuhn should be a household name, yet Kuhn enjoys and would rather play the background underrated artist who â€Å"brings light and joy to those who experience them† (Kuhn). When you see Jon Kuhn’s work you are sure to know it’s his. Kuhn likes to take a shape and make it where it absorbs light while reflecting a diamond like appearance (Kuhn). This is what captured my attention when it came to his amazing piece Pacific Rose. This piece was no bigger than roughly four feet and yet had such a loud, strong, engaging voice. When I first saw it I was amazed at how bright and colorful it was but the more I looked at it I saw something more, something deeper. Pacific Rose is four foot upside down, elongated, clear pyramid with two pyramids and a cube hanging freely within it. When one first looks at the shapes it looks like a bunch of small brick red, gray, black, and turquoise blocks put together to make the shapes. But the deeper you look into the figure you see that each small square has hundreds of layers. Also within the layers are scribbles and writing that take the piece to another level. I then walk around the piece to get a better view and I feel as if I’ve been tricked. The solid shapes that I saw on one side are no longer solid. This is where the bright lights shining on the figure plays a huge role. In actuality the shapes look as if they have been annihilated, like an atomic bomb was dropped and the shapes are exploding. But the unique thing about these exploding figures is that all the while that they are exploding they somehow manage to keep their shape. This figure makes me want to get inside of the clear upside down pyramid and take a walk through the little figures within. This figure showed the exact path and journey Jon Kuhn took on his adventure through expression, style, and creativity. It not only showed this but also explained as to why he is featured in so many great places. His work is so amazing and extravagant that a part of me is happy that he is so underrated, for I would love to keep his beauties a secret and all to myself. But I know this is impossible for his work speaks so loud and with strength so strong that you must listen. It is only time before Jon Kuhn is being used as a household name. Jon Kuhn is now my new definition of art. Works Cited Page Kuhn, Jon. â€Å"Artist Jon Kuhn.† Kuhn Studio. N.p., 2002-2011. Web. 21 Dec 2011.

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Rhetorical Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Rhetorical Analysis Paper - Essay Example Notwithstanding, it is also accessible and comprehensible by the larger non-scientific community of individuals and researchers who wish to keep themselves up to date about matters of the brain’s evolution. The writer attempts to explain the diminishing capacity for the brain’s expansion by drawing from previous research by scientists as well as comparing the structure of the human brain with that of other animals. That way, he provides sufficient background for any reader to follow in his analysis of the human brain as he discusses its internal workings and the various scenarios that could play out in its evolution. Logic has been used extensively in this paper as it is has been written with heavy reference to empirical evidences, both from the writer's perspective and ex post facto research by others. The writer has also inculcated pathos and ethos in an attempt to get the audiences emotionally involved as well as legitimizes his work by comparing and citing research by reputable scientists. Briefly, the paper makes a claim that physically, the human brain may have or may be about to expend its capacity for evolutionary expansion, Fox argues that while the conventional assumption would be that the brain would keep growing larger, this may not be applicable to humans. He considerer’s rat and elephant brains to show through juxtaposition of the colossal disparities, that the rat is essentially brighter than the jumbo. He posits that the most intelligent animals are those that squeeze out as much as possible from their brains and through this, humans are unequivocally dominant. Physical growth of the human brain, he argues, is unlikely to improve its performance because, while the bigger brain may be more powerful, the extra power is likely to be dedicated to in-house running of the brain and not increasing intelligence. This is justified by the fact that the elephant’s or cows brains are bigger than ours are, but they are limited in their intelligence because most of the brain mass is dedicated to operating the brain itself (Fox 40). The writer dominantly applies a logical systematic strategy in which he presents his claim, and considers, while at the same time rationally disapproving, possible initial nonprofessional assumptions and responses to the claim. He then delves into technical examinations and includes graphical depictions backed by scientific data, ultimately he examines the different scenarios that would result in evolution, he suggests the thickening of neurons, but contends that it would to be compensated by making the brain slower by increasing axon length. He explores several other alternatives and in each case proves they are likely to impractical, he summarizes his argument by stating that the brain cannot expand, but the fact that expansion is likely to be counterproductive. After exploring the available options, he leads the reader to a conclusion by suggesting the brain may not really need to grow anymore since through technology humans are able to utilize artificial intelligence such as writing and computing. Therefore, the issue of growth may already have been solved indirectly, since while the human brain may not expand very much, technology, which we use to boost our processing capacity, is expanding exponentially every day. The application of Ethos in this article transcends the writer’

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

Recovery of the China Stock Market and Challenges in the Post-Crisis Essay - 1

Recovery of the China Stock Market and Challenges in the Post-Crisis Era - Essay Example In fact, an outflow of approximately US$25 billion was experienced by China in December only, and at some point in the fourth quarter of 2008 a sum of US$150 billion was pulled out from the country, according to the report of the Bank of China (Min-Chan 2009, 43). The dramatic economic growth of China has to a certain extent been fuelled by its thriving export-driven production. Nevertheless, the export of China by mid-2008 diminished to a ‘negative 20-percent growth rate from the positive 20-30 percent rate in previous years’ (Platt 2009, 50). Because of these developments some financial analysts predicted that China would confront a financial crisis in 2009 and 2010. The prediction happened and this forced the Chinese government to initiate a set of stimulus package (Yao & Zhang 2011). These attempts of China to recover from the global financial crisis will be analyzed in this paper. The end of 2007 witnessed the sharp rise of China’s stock markets; however, the end of 2008 witnessed the bubbles’ remarkable rupture. The SSECI showed a decrease from 6,135 in 2007 to 1,608 in 2008 (Yao & Zhang 2011, 26). It has improved to some extent, but has been wrestling to swing around 3,000 from the period of the bubble disintegration. The SSECI showed 2,900 at the end of 2010 (Yao & Zhang 2011, 26). These changes are shown in the figure below: China exposed the avenues to new share offerings, letting loose a stream of initial public offerings (IPOs) to aid in the absorption of surplus liquidity and calm a raging stock market. What began as a drop of IPOs became a surge, with numerous companies primed to register in the Shanghai Stock Exchange (Platt 2009). According to Michael Guillen, professor of international management and director of the Lauder Institute, in his remark about the recovery attempts of China’s stock market in the Financial Times (2009), â€Å"During the last two years, monetary policy has

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Deforestation and the Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Deforestation and the Environment - Essay Example The first case is about deforestation in Sumatra, an Island in Indonesia (Kuhn). Deforestation on the island is mainly because of papermaking. APP, Indonesia’s largest papermaker runs numerous acacia tree plantations on the Island. These plantations have been set up by clearing a vast majority of forestland. Local dwellers have accused the officials of the company of bringing about dilapidation to the local environment. The second case is based in the United Sates, where Cargill Corporation burns large tracts of forestland in order to pave way for soya plantations (Greenpeace International) in Brazil. This, in the region, is coupled with the fact that cattle ranchers, who in other areas typically move into areas that have already been exploited by loggers, are in this case clearing forestland themselves in a bid to expand their operations. The situation appears bleak; with Greenpeace International projecting that deforestation rates will be rising in coming years.Perhaps the m ost immediately felt effect of deforestation in the Sumatra region is the fact that the activity deprives locals of one of their most important sources of food. They recall a time when they could hunt for deer and birds in the forest, an activity they now cannot undertake since animals of this nature do not create habitats in the acacia forests. Acacia trees do not provide enough shade for animals. Another effect of deforestation in Sumatra is the fact that it is destroying the natural habitat of the Sumatran Tiger.

Monday, August 26, 2019

Logistics and Transport Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7000 words

Logistics and Transport - Coursework Example AIM wants to extend the brand loyalty to the EU by investing in future EU transportation projects. AIM requests a report showing what it would take to enter the EU transportation market and extend its brand into the global market place. What follows is a research report. This report will address possible questions, issues, or ideas that AIM will need to address to enter the global marketplace (primarily the EU). Entering the global marketplace requires knowledge of laws, rules, and permits required (to name a few) to function effectively in the foreign market. AIMS investment in the EU transportation network will require research into what is required to make such an investment legally in the EU. This report will address such issues as what is a sound investment in the EU, oversight of investments, and funds required to invest in the chosen market. This report will provide the client with adequate information to make a decision about entry into this market. The purpose of desk research is to provide a foundation for building a qualitative and quantitative research project. Much needs to be done as far as information gathering is concerned. A study of the market sector that AIM desires to enter is required before any investing is done. Desk research helps define the parameters of the project. 2.2 PROCEDURES Research at this level will include a study of the transport industry sector in the European Union and provide answers to questions AIM requests. 2.3.1 RESULTS: Examination of the European Union Transport Industry. Currently the European Union has a transport network that is in a major growth stage. The European Union's transport network is quite possibly in a pattern of growth and development that is unsustainable. Problems that the European Union is facing are directly related to the transport networks usage level. Pollution, high traffic, congestion, and constant growth strain the transport system. Fuel usage is up because congestion slows traffic and causes higher levels of fuel needed to get from point A to point B. Road Freight has increased substantially since barriers to trade were removed. Currently road haulage carries "44% of all goods

Sunday, August 25, 2019

New concept of Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

New concept of Marriage - Essay Example Marriages are different depending on the tradition and culture of the spouses and they are carried out differently. In most African and even Asian culture for example, the beginning of a marriage is the paying of the dowry to the bride’s parents as a token of appreciation essentially which is soon followed by a traditional wedding ceremony which can be solemnized later in church or not. The whites do not care so much about the issue of bride price or paying dowry and most do not even officially seek a formal hand in marriage from the bride’s side of the family. They simply move to the wedding part and the marriage soon begins. Research has verified this by indicating that in Africa, over 60% of marriages have dowry payment paid while in Europe and America, the figure is less than that and the majority are the African-Americans (Peterson and Bush 685). It is an open secret that the rate of divorce among the whites is way higher than it is among the Africans and Asians as indicated in the article in The Economist by its editor, (2011) which explains that divorce rate in Asia is only about 2per every 1000 while in America in 3.7 and in Britain 3.4 for every 1000. Others argue that this is because of the lack of a staunch tradition on the part of the spouses and especially in engaging the parents of the spouses in the affair. For the Africans for example, during the traditional marriage ceremony and preparations and before the bride or groom is handed over to their significant other, the family and especially the same sex parent has serious discussion with the bride or groom about what marriage entails and what will be expected of them in terms of fulfillment of roles and duties and how to engage in all these. These are called trading secrets of the ups and downs to expect and how to handle each and every one of them. By the time they are officially starting the marriage, each party is aware of the reality

Saturday, August 24, 2019

International Marketing Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Marketing Management - Assignment Example The product we are going to launch in Pakistan would not be a standard product for the rest of the countries, because it has to be in accordance with the preferences of Pakistanis. Like for example Pizza Hut is operating globally but the pizza you are going to eat in Pakistan compared with pizzas available in other countries' Pizza Hut would be much different as people in Pakistan like spicy food, even the names they have given to the types of pizzas available here are mostly in Urdu language which is the national language of Pakistan. I think that this kind of strategies would be an added advantage for the company. Our ice cream dessert would be available in a packed rectangular box, containing two packets. One will contain the powder form of ice cream dessert which needs to be dissolved in milk, according to the given directions on the box. Another packet will contain the fruit topping, to be served with the dessert. In the preparation of the dessert the temperature of the country needs to be considered. Secondly, the ingredients should be halal i.e. acceptable by the Muslim state. The name we have given to our dessert is 'Summer Delight' because almost for the eight to nine months the weather remains hot in Pakistan. The logo is 'cannot avoid the bite'. Targeting youth segmen... Targeting youth segment of Pakistan would give you an idea of a developing nation where competition and advancements are growing really fast. You might think that as this country is in its development phase, where approximately 30% people are below poverty line, then how would it be possible for the youth population to spend on the desserts The answer is simple. There are thousands of people who can afford and are interested in buying and consuming these items, at a place where there are a few competitors, where youth segment is ready for changes and easily accept and adopt foreign products (Pakistan, 2001). The young generation of Pakistan, aged between 10 - 35 years depending on situations, is a quick decision maker and they are more concerned about the fashion and trend that is going to come in the market. Basically they are ambitious kind of people and always want to be the innovators rather than followers. So if a product fulfils their demands then they are absolutely going to try it. At present for the youth market, the only constant thing is 'change'. Through various communication channels like internet, telephone, newspapers, television programs from all over the world, they are at all times in search of innovative ideas and notions. For a company to target the youth, it has to be adaptable and would be ready and effective for all sorts of integrations, only then it would be possible to catch them and then to retain them (Youth, 2007). Customer's buying behaviour: The buying behaviour of the customer varies significantly depending on the features of the product. For example if a person is interested in buying a car then he will take some time in making the decision because it is complex buying and involves high prices. Our product does not require too much

Friday, August 23, 2019

An aspect of small business management and development through case PowerPoint Presentation

An aspect of small business management and development through case study based on a . Entrepreneurship and small firms - PowerPoint Presentation Example common that a business creation model will be made up of the planning phase, implementation phase, the completion phase and closure phases (Tourish, 2010). In line of the current presentation, the planning phase is going to be given a lot of emphasis. Part of the planning or pre-implementation phase is the allocation of decisions to start up the business as well as the different ways in which different people go about the starting of their businesses. It has been said that depending on the decision that surrounds an entrepreneur’s quest to start a business, different rates of successes are going to be experienced at the implementation because the decisions influenced motivation to drive along with the business a great deal (Bovee, Thill & Chaturvedi, 2008). Business creation process may be defined or explained as the specific tasks that entrepreneurs undertake in their bid to start up businesses in an identified locality (Canary, 2011). For Alternative Publishing Ltd, the business creation process was different from Lawton Dancewear in the way in which research and development were fused into the business creation process. Partly attributable to the background of the two groups of entrepreneurs involved, they were different approaches towards the business creation process as Majid an Suhail with their educational backgrounds and appreciation of the fact that they did not have much knowledge in the area they were venturing into undertook a lot of research as part of the business creation process. Though Mrs. Holland did some research, it was not detailed and was not about business creation. The former also worked extensively on marketing since they had the realisation that they did not have a ready market and needed to do marketing all by themselves. Mrs Holland seemed to have ready market from the demand from friends and so did not do much marketing at the business creation phase. Between the two case studies, there are key similarities and differences that

Financial accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial accounting - Essay Example It is headquartered at Dearborn, Michigan, USA. The company has remained under family ownership ever since (Bender, Slade, and Thorpe, 2009, p. 4). Ford Motor conducts its business in two different business segments namely, automotives and financial services sector. This report entails about the assets utilised by the company to carry on its business activities. This report also analyses the technological and other means through which the organisation generates revenue out of its assets. The process of asset valuation used by Ford Motors has also been included in this study. Finally the various sources of funds utilised by the company to conduct its operational activities have been discussed in this study. Assets The consolidated balance sheet of Ford Motors Company includes various types of assets owned by the company. Some of those items are: cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, finance receivables, investment in operating leases, inventories, property, deferred income taxes and intangible assets. As at 31 December 2011, Ford Motors had $18,618 million as marketable securities (Ford Motor Co., 2012). Marketable securities are a form of assets which helps in storing excess cash that can help to generate return for the company (Fabozzi, and Peterson, 2003, p. 645). Ford Motors is found to have invested in the marketable securities of automotive and financial services sector. Total assets of the company in the form of investment in operating leases were $12,838 million as on 31 December 2012 (Ford Motor Co., 2012, p. FS-4). Those operating leases mostly consisted of lease contracts for vehicles with all its different types of existing customers. Accounts receivables are mainly in the form of finance receivables which amounted to $69,976 million as at 31 December 2011. Other receivables amounted to $8,565 million (Ford Motor Co., 2012, FS-4). The finance receivables correspond to the automotive and financial services sector. The notes receivables in the automotive sector are primarily related to the purpose of restructuring the businesses of the company and loans with the suppliers. Ford Motor Credit Company LLC which is a wholly owned subsidiary of Ford motors offers different types of automotive financing products all around the world. Ford Credit's business activities mostly consist of supporting its dealers and financing the vehicles. This results in a large portfolio of leases and finance receivables for the company. The total inventories of the company as at 31 December 2011 were $5,901 million (Ford Motor Co., 2012, FS-4). The inventories of the company consisted of raw materials, work-in-process and supplies which amounted to $2,847 million at the end of the financial year 2011. The finished products amounted to $3,982 million and total inventory is calculated as $5,901 million after adjusting on the basis of (Last in First Out) LIFO. Thus the inventories of Ford motors are lean in nature because they follow the build t o order strategy (Ford Motor Co., 2012, FS-38). The inventories of the company which is primarily the service part obsolescence amounted to an ending balance of $249 million as at 31 December 2012 (Ford Motor Co., 2012, p. FSS-1). Use of Technology and Revenue Generation Revenues are recognised by the companies in United States mostly in accordance with the US GAAP (Nikolai, Bazley, and Jones, 2009, p. 931). Revenues from the automotive business segment of Ford Motors are generally generated through sales of automobiles and its accessories. Revenues are recorded in the books of account of the company only after the risks and rewards of ownership related to the products are completely transferred to its

Thursday, August 22, 2019

Phillosophy Teaching Essay Example for Free

Phillosophy Teaching Essay At daybreak on the morning of Friday, August 3 1492, an Italian adventurer named Christopher Columbus set sail from Spain to find a new way from Europe to Asia. His aim was to open up a sorter trade route between the two continents. In Asia, he intended to load his three small ships with silks, spices and gold, and sail back to Europe a rich man. Columbus first sailed south to the Canary Islands. Then he turned west across the unknown waters of the mid-Atlantic Ocean. Ten weeks after leaving Spain, on the morning of October 12, he stepped ashore on the beach of low Sandy Island. He named the island San Salvador – Holy Savior. Columbus believed that he had landed in the Indies, a group of Inlands close to the mainland of India. For this reason he called the friendly, brown-skind people who greeted him los Indios – Indians. In fact, Columbus was not near India. It was not the edge of Asia that he had reached, but islands off the shores of a new continent. Europeans would soon name the new continent America, but for many years they went on calling its inhabitants Indians. Only recently have these first Americans been described more accurately as Native Americans or Amerindians. There were many different groups of Amerindians. Those north of Mexico, in what is now the United States on Canada, were scattered across the grasslands and forests in separate groups called tribes. These tribes followed very different ways of life. Some were hunters, some were farmers. Some were peaceful, others warlike. They spoke over three hundred separate languages, some of which were as different from one another as English is from Chinese. Europeans called America the New World. But it was not new to the Amerindians. Their ancestors had already been living there for maybe 50000 years when Columbus stepped on to the beach in San Salvador. We say maybe because nobody is completely sure. Scientists believe that the distant ancestors of the Amerindians came to America from Asia. This happened, they say, during the earth’s last ice age, long before people began to make written records. At that time a bridge of ice joined Asia to America across what is now the Bering strait. Hunters from Siberia crossed this bridge into Alaska. From Alaska the hunters moved south and east across America, following herds of caribou and buffalo as the animals went from one feeding ground to the next. Maybe 12000 years ago, descendants of these first Americans were crossing the isthmus of Panama into south America. About 5000 years later their camp fires were burning on the frozen southern tip of the continent, now called Tierra del fuego – the Land of fire. For many centuries early Amerindians lived as wandering hunters and gatherers of food. Then a more settled way of life began. People living in highland areas of what is now Mexico found a wild grass with tiny seeds that were good to eat. These people became America’s first farmers. They cultivated the wild grass with great care to make its seeds larger. Eventually it became Indian corn, or maze. Other cultivated plant foods were developed. By 5000 BC Amerindians in Mexico were growing and eating beans, squash and peppers. The Pueblo people of present day Arizona and New Mexico were the best organized of the Amerindians farming people. They lived in groups of villages, or in towns which were built for safety on the sides and top of the cliffs. They shared terraced buildings made of adobe ( mud and straw ) bricks, dried in the sun. Some of these buildings contained as many as 800 rooms, crowded together on top of one another. The Pueblo made clothing and blankets from cotton which grew wild in the surrounding deserts. On their feet they wore boot-shaped leather moccasins to protect their legs against the sharp rocks and cactus plants of the desert. For food the grow crops of maize and beans. Irrigation made them successful as farmers. Long before Europeans came to America and Pueblo were building networks of canals across the deserts to bring water to their fields. In one desert valley modern archaeologists have traced canals and ditches which enable the Pueblo to irrigate 250000 acres of farmland. A people called the apache were the neighbors of the Pueblo. The apache never became settled farmers. They wandered the deserts and mountains in small bands, hunting deer and gathering wild plants, nuts and roots. They also obtained food by raiding their Pueblo neighbors and stealing it. The Apache were fierce and warlike, and they were much feared by the Pueblo. The Iroquois were a group of tribes – a nation- who lived far away from the Pueblo and the Apache in the thick woods of northeastern North America. Like the Pueblo, they were skilled farmers. In fields cleared from the forest they worked together growing beans, squash and twelve different varieties of maiz. They were also hunters and fishermen. They used birch bark canoes to carry them swiftly along the rivers and lakes of their forest homeland. The Iroquois lived in permanent villages, in long wooden huts with barrel-shaped roofs. These huts were made from a framework of saplings covered by sheets of elm bark. Each family had its own apartment on either side of a central hall. The Iroquois were fierce warriors. They were as feared by their neighbors as the Apache of the western deserts were feared by theirs. Around their huts they build strong wooden stockades to protect their villages from enemies. Eager to win a glory for their tribe and fame and honor for themselves, they often fought one another. From boyhood on, male Iroquois were taught to fear neither pain nor death. Bravery in battle was the surest way for a warrior to win respect and a high position in his tribe. Many miles to the west, on the vast plains of grass that stretched from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, there was another warrior nation. This group called themselves Dakota, which means allies. But they were better known by the name which other Amerindians gave to them – Sioux, which means enemies. Te Sioux grew no crops and built no houses. For food, for shelter and for clothing they depended upon the buffalo. Millions of these large, slow- moving animals wandered across the western grasslands in vast herds. When the buffalo moved, the Sioux moved.

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Progress Process And Prospect Of Green Hotels Environmental Sciences Essay

Progress Process And Prospect Of Green Hotels Environmental Sciences Essay Abstract Shortage of natural resources and environmental pollutions are considered as signs of global warming and serious world climatic threat in the last few decades. Hence, environmental conservation has been increasing important to all sectors of the economy for the countries. Though there are many tourism authorities that have created the standards or certifications for environmentally sustainable hotels, very few Malaysia hotels have policies addressing the issues. This study aims to define the progress of Malaysian hotel Industry and proposing the effectiveness and prospect for Malaysian environmental hotels. Research Objective As green becomes the color of the day, the big unknown, however, is whether the rest of the industry will follow suit as well as the uncertainty demand for green hotel. Green hotel always close related to sustainability. A sustainable hotel should have as small a footprint (calculation the sum of a buildings environmental impact) as possible. However, it is nearly impossible to achieve a zero footprint in reality. Most hotels could become truly carbon neutral only by purchasing green credits or carbon-offsetting (e.g., paying a company to plant trees to counteract the hotels carbon-dioxide emissions). In fact, it requires considerable of money for a hotel moving theirs step towards green practices by conserving energy, water and solid waste management, etc. Therefore, the objectives in this study are: To investigate the main factor that influence regular hotel change into green hotel To discover the proper ways that make the regular hotel become green hotel To perceive the future of the hotel after become green Problem Statement Recently more people are embracing a green lifestyle. Since existing buildings contribute almost 80% of the carbon emissions in some cities through their energy use, a major focus of these efforts has been on sustainable construction. Hotels use a tremendous amount of energy and water as well as collect a huge amount of waste. By doing their part to conserve, recycle, and reduce, they are protecting the planet as well as providing a great place for eco-friendly guests to stay. The purpose of this research is to examine the current state of green hotel industry. Further this study also makes the hospitality industry taking an initiative or implement for the sake of the environment. The industry is aware of these concerns, and has been investigating environmentally-friendly alternatives that would still prove consistent with guest concerns for at least the last 15 years.   Theoretical Framework Green hotel is created to decrease the amount of waste entering landfills and increase the amount of waste that can be recycled. Hospitality industry must change their strategy into green movement also they have to searching practical environmental that lead to a better world.   The hotel industry could benefit economically from the green movement, first by attracting guests who wish to adopt a greener lifestyle, as well as saving money through cost-saving energy practices and equipment adjustments.  Being green means Green hotels are adopting environmentally friendly practices and programs that will reduce energy management (Amy 2009), water conservation (JeongDoo), and waste management (Evans, 2008). H4 H5 H3 H2 H1 Figure 1 : Conceptual framework of the main practices of being a green hotel Hypothesis 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Introduction Green Hotels are environmentally-friendly properties whose managers are eager to institute programs that save water, save energy and reduce solid waste while saving money to help protect our one and only earth. Recently more hotels are embracing a green lifestyle. Being green means guests, staff and management are healthier. Since existing buildings contribute almost 80% of the carbon emissions in some cities through their energy use, a major focus of these efforts has been on sustainable construction. Many hotels are responding to consumer demands for a healthier and greener lifestyle by making their business more environmentally friendly. Not only consumer demand, financial incentives also like to encourage the hospitality industry to continue developing more environmentally friendly hotel. Being green means hotel are adopting environmentally friendly practices and programs that will reduce energy, water and waste (Amy, 2009). Green efforts can be as basic as water conservation measures (such as encouraging the re-use of guest linens), housekeepers employing environmentally safe cleaning products or Eco-sensitive spa and bath amenities to grander initiatives such as all-green construction (Kathy, 2007). Among the more pronounced Eco efforts are recently built hotels that weave the use of ecologically sound construction materials and ideas into their very conception. Expect further greening of hotels as consumer demand increases. According to a survey conducted by the Travel Industry Association and Partnership, most adults say they would be more likely to select an hotel that uses more environmentally friendly products and processes, because environmentally friendly product make them become more healthier. Besides providing a positive effect, green hotel also give some problems. Hotel must pay more to get friendly product, also they have to looking for a new place to develop their green hotel. It means that they must cutting down a forest to build their green hotel. And that makes our environment become more diminish. Literature Review The Origin of Green Practices The hotel industry, like many other did not entertain the concept of saving energy for many years, as oil prices were at an all time low in the 1980s and the early part 1990s (Hirschland, Oppenheim and Webb, 2008). The chemical and oil industries were the first to come under investigation by environmentalist due to the visible nature of their environmental impact. The hospitality an industry took a long time to come under scrutiny and as a result was slow to take responsibility in reducing the impact of their business were having on the environment. The concept of green or friendly hotel has become a very serious and profound topic within the hospitality arena in the past decade. Bowman (1975, p.74) states that a series of widely publicized environmental catastrophes signaled the globalization of environmental concern and that society has entered the last stage of a process that has taken humans from fearing, to understanding, to using, to abusing, and now to worrying about the physi cal and biological world around them Hospitality providers are now been forced to take responsibility for the impact their services are having on the environment. In 1996, Agenda 21 for the travel and tourism industry made hospitality providers aware of the need to enhance sustainability development. There is evidence in todays literature to suggest the implementation of environmental practices is widespread across the hospitality industry as the benefit are infinite, the most important being financial sustainability. Pizman (2009) believes that many hospitality organizations are not interested in environmental sustainability for altruistic or ethical reasons, but are purely investing in environmental practices for selfish profitable reasons. Houdre (2006), Brown (2006) and Stark (2009) have made it clear that the prime reason for implementing environmental practices is geared towards profitability. Cotton (2007) believes that the purpose of running any business is to make a profit and so it is alarming the number of hospitality organizations that are not adopting green practices in order to drive long term profitability. This suggests that there are barriers and obstacles with regard to the implementation of environmental practices in the hospitality industry. Green Hotels in Malaysia Over the past decade many organization, both in the private and the public sectors have recognized the value of a systematic approach to the management of their organization (Abdallah, 2007). Superficially, it might be argued that environmental management is not important issue in the Malaysian hotel industry. Comparing with the other environmentally developed hotel industry from other countries, Malaysia hotel industry appears lacking in the awareness for environmentally policy (Azusa, 2009). There is a realization among many hotels that environmental management does not solely mean preventing their surroundings from being polluted. Daily operational activities and consideration, which range from the use of recycled papers to minimizing the use of heavy chemicals also provide a significant cost saving measure for hotels (Hong and Parker, 2004). Therefore, it is not true to state that investment in environmental management practices will result in the escalation of operational costs and erosion of profit margins (Foster, Sampson and Dunn, 2000) According to the star.com.my five hotels in Malaysia have been chosen as the new recipients of the ASEAN Green Hotel Award 2010, bringing the total number of such hotel in the country to 10.the five hotels are The Andaman Langkawi in Sedah, Shangri-LAs Tanjung Aru Resort Spa in Kota Kinabalu. Mines Wellnes Hotel in Selangor, Shangri-Las Rasa Ria Resort in Tuaran and Renaissance Kuala Lumpur Hotel. The ASEAN Green Hotel Award 2008 recipients which managed to retain their status were Hotel Melia Kuala Lumpur, Nexus Resort Karambunai in Sabah, Shangri-Las Rasa Sayang Resort Spa in Penang, Shangri-las Hotel Kuala Lumpur and The Frangipani Langkawi Resort Spa. The ASEAN Green Hotel Standard is an essential tool to support ASEAN as a world class quality destination. Zero Waste Approach Going Beyond Best Practices This report discusses several topics that illustrate ways hotel are becoming greener. Although implementing the best practices saves money, this report shows how to go beyond best practices. The goal being a friendly hotel is to eliminate as much as possible the negative impacts on the environment both by reducing consumption of resources and by changing the practices so that the waste hotel produce can be used as raw material. Achieving zero waste may or may not possible in the foreseeable future. What matters is working towards zero waste by continuing to implement programs as new opportunities to use previously wasted materials become available. Nowadays a few leading hotels are striving to become zero waste brands, which does not necessarily mean the elimination of all by-product. It means using resources efficiently, using renewable resources and when generation of by-products is unavoidable, using those by-product as raw material for other processes. Besides implementing zero w aste, energy conservation and water conservation also important to practices the green hotel. The cost savings and environmental benefits of the zero waste initiative more important and it takes to launch such a program. The process of reaching zero waste takes several months to complete with most organizations seeing viable results after the first year (Thayne, 2010). The zero waste process must involve every member of the hotel, with a core team or steering committee overseeing the initiative. To achieve zero waste hotels must identify how much waste exists in the organization past to the initiative and work together with the each member of the department to determine the amount of waste created in each category. A few leading hotels today are determined to become zero waste brand, which does not necessarily mean the elimination of all by products. It means that using resources efficiently, using renewable resources and when generation of by product is unavoidable, using those by products as raw material for other processes (Abhinav and Rajeshwari, 2001). Environmental Management Practices (EMP) Over the past decade many organization, both in the private and the public sectors, have recognized the value of a systematic approach to the management of their organizations. Apparently, it might be argued that environmental management is not an important issue in the Malaysian hotel industry. After all, certain groups might argue that it is impossible for the hotels to be environmentally aware due to high investment cost involved. However, upon deeper examination of the subject might reveal that hotels in Malaysia cannot avoid confronting this issue for long if they are to remain competitive (Ahmad, 2007). There is a realization among many hotels that environmental management does not only mean preventing their surroundings from being polluted. Daily operational activities and consideration, which range from the use of recycled papers to minimizing the use of heavy chemicals also provide a significant cost saving measure for hotel (Hong Parker, 2004). Environmental management is a management framework for reducing environmental impacts and improving hotel performance overtime. In other words, environmental management provide hotel of all types with a structures approach for managing environmental and regulatory responsibilities to improve overall environmental performance (Vandermerwe Oliff, 1990). Environmental management practice initiatives consist of several practices such as having an environmental policy, training and rewarding workers to find opportunities to prevent pollution, setting corporation wide internal standards, undertaking internal environmental audits and adopting the philosophy of total quality management in environmental management (Khanna Anton, 2002). In general, environmental management practice would include the extent to which a company has defined its environmental policy, developed procedures to establish environmental objectives, to select and implemented environmental practices assessed the outcomes of such practices and has allocated environmental responsibilities (Klassen Whybark, 1996). Such an pressure in the hotel industry would mean that environmental management should be studied from all technical and organizational angles so as to reduce the environmental impact caused by a hotel business operations. The benefit of adopting Environmental Management Practices is multifarious. For instance, of the streamlining of a hotels operational activities to be consonant with environmental needs will accrue savings (Rondinelli Vastag, 1995) through the prevention of environmental degradation in turn leading to reduced cost of production and higher profit (Pava Krausz, 1997; Russo, Fouts Paul, 1997; Waddoek Graves, 1997). Ultimately, the implementation of Environmental Management Practices may provide hotels with unique environmental resources operation, capabilities and benefits that may confer a competitive advantage to practitioners (Hart, 1995; Klassen Whybark, 1999). Such benefit may obtain from image benefit, embracing of eco-tourism and cost saving (Aalders, 2002 ; Holland Foo, 2003; Kollman, 2001; Prakash, 2002). Energy Efficiency Hotels are the largest consumers of energy not only in building construction but also as establishment with complex installations, which provide guests with high level of multi-faceted comfort and exclusive amenities, treatment and facilities. Many of the services provided to hotel guests are highly resource intensive whether it concerns energy, water or raw materials. A significant amount of the energy used is wasted leaving sample for intelligent measures of energy efficiency and conservation (Joseph, 2009). Since the installation of energy, water and raw material saving techniques in hotels can achieve environmental progress and offer competitive advantages to hotels in outperforming their counterparts, many new energy saving facilities have been introduced by the hotel sector in the past few years following technological advances (Willy, 2009). The increase in energy price means that energy conservation efforts should be taken to reduce the effect of energy cost (Weng Wai, Buang and Abdul Hakim, p.58, 2006). As stated by Yukata Mizuta (2003), energy conservation may not only bring reductions in carbon dioxide emission, but may also lead to saving in the expenditure on energy. On a worldwide basis, the energy used in the hotels is predominantly fossil fuel based or comes from nuclear reactors (Philip, 2009). A truly sustainable hotel must not only consider ways to use energy wisely but should also consider the possibilities of enhancing the use of energy from renewable resources. About 40% of the energy used in a hotel is electricity, 60% comes from natural gas and oils fuels (Niki, 2008). These energy bearers are brought in by the hotel. The energy is converted by a number of conversion into the most important internal flows of energy namely heat, cold and lighting. Heat is used in the form of hot water; hot water is used i n the form of hot tap water. Cold is used mainly for cooling and drying the ventilation air, mostly cold is produced in the form of ice water. Figure 1. Energy consumption that use in the hotel Lighting is one of the largest electrical energy consumers in the hotels, as in many other kinds of utility buildings. Figure 1 shows that some 35% of the total energy consumption in hotel goes to lighting. Lighting installation must provide adequate levels of lighting for each activity. Bright and comfort level are also important for lighting inside the hotels, depending on the area where lighting are required. Lighting levels necessary for each zone are established in the lighting regulations of each particular country. These levels should be reached by the most suitable lamps for each application. When it comes to the energy savings that can be made on lighting, there are two main ways. Efficient lighting Required lighting is supplied by light resources, which are made up of lamp and luminaries. The choice of light source depends on various criteria, e.g.: efficiency color temperature, color representation index, lamp life, emission modeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc. Lighting in the different areas of the hotels have different requirement, but it is very important that the most efficient lamp is chosen for each application. Smart switching Another savings can be achieved with smart switching of lighting. Lighting is frequently switched on unnecessarily when there is sufficient daylight or there is nobody in the room. With manual operated system especially, light tend to be left burning needlessly. Water Conservation Water conservation encourage hotel to manage how and when water is being used, handle both the technical and human side of water management issues. It is estimated that by 2010, water use increase to approximately 475 gallons per day for each hotel room (Sarah, 2002).however in other accommodations, water uses still a cost and an important stress on the local environment. In many cases water conservation can be a matter of purchasing and using the proper systems. Factors that consider water sources may include renewability, potential impact on the environment and water supplies as well as economic benefit. Some of developing countries, hotel water use may impact the water supplies of the local people. Any water use reduction program must have full support of the each member of the hotel. Some hotel estimated that only small percentage of water consumed by the guest, the remainder is used by the chambermaids during cleaning. Water is crucial resources for the hospitality industry as i t limited resource and needed for number activities as illustrated in figure 2. Figure 2. Hotel water system and use Identifying where water use is extreme important to hotel in developing areas. With increasing awareness of cost saving opportunities through water conservation, various related programs have been developed and implemented among hotel companies. According to Marriott International (2007) linen reuse program, encouraging guests to reuse lines and towels during they stay contributes to saving 11 to 17% on hot water. Previous literature also reported that linen and towel reuse programs are well-established practices in hotel in most countries, with more than two-thirds of the respondents in studies conducted in different countries using such program (Bohdanowicz, 2006; Erdogan and Baris 2007; Mensah, 2006). This program saves not only hot water and energy, but also reduces the use of detergents and thereby reduces wastewater. Waste Management Hospitality industry can become important factor in the minimization of waste that is currently disposed of at landfill sites. Waste management has been designed and implemented to reduce the volume and toxicity of garbage (Iwanowski and Rushmore, 1994). Erdogan and Barish (2007) conducted a study to examine environmental practices and found that paper and food waste are the greatest amount of waste generated sources of hotels. Previous research indicates that the level of hotels commitment to waste sorting and recycling varies, depending on regulatory pressures and local governments support. Waste minimization and management involves reduce, reuse and recycling. These efforts combine to minimize the amount of waste disposed and the cost of disposal and help to ensure that final disposal is done in an approved and sustainable manner. Minimizing waste generation begins in purchasing function. Purchasing in bulk, using product manufactured from recycled materials, controlling the usage of product to avoid waste and working with supplier to minimize product packaging are all proven ways to minimize waste generation (David, 2002) Reuse as a means of waste reduction has been practiced in the hospitality industry for many years; beverage container such as those holding syrup concentrate and beer kegs are typical. Reuse does not have to happen on the property itself; used linens can be donated to shelters or other charitable organizations for reuse (Willy, 2009). Reusing materials is better choice than recycling, burning or landfill. Reusing different from recycling, recycling breaks down an item into the basic parts and makes a new product out of it, but reusing an items keeps the material in its original form and uses the item over and over again for the same or different purpose. Recycling as a means of conservation can be turned into revenue steam. The price paid for recycled materials varies geographically and over time (Philip, 2009). A recycled product describes a product that is made entirely or partly from secondary material recovered from consumer waste. Some product are reduced to their raw state and remanufactured into something resembling their original state. In the case of recycled paper, the newspaper gathered from guest bedrooms and the used notepaper coming from the hotel copy shop are reduced back to their raw state of paper pulp which is then used to produce more paper. Unfortunately, many products recycled in this manner come back as lesser quality product (David, 2002). Reduce as a means lessening the amount items or resources that are consumed using the amount that is needed. The example of the reduce task that hotel can do is; reduce the amount and toxicity of trash that hotel discard, possibilities include purchasing durable, long lasting goods, seeking product and packaging that are as toxin free as possible and redesigning products to use fewer raw materials in production, last longer or can be used again after their original purpose. Hotel activities should be able to be safely assimilated into natural system, thus highlighting the need of solid and liquid management techniques Figure 3. Wastage that generated by hotel Solid waste in hotels has many components, including paper, food, various metals, plastics, aluminum and glass. This gives a picture of the variety of waste that can be produces by only a small number of hotels in a city. When looked at with a zero-waste attitude, these figures show the opportunities for both resource recovery and waste reduction. Implementing a solid waste reduction program in a hotel can create significant cost savings in waste hauling fees while creating a more environmentally friendly hotel (Sarah, 2002). This is especially true as solid waste becomes a more significant environmental issue and landfill fees increase. Often hotels hesitate to establish program in solid management because of the coordination and cooperation needed among management, employees and guests. However the cost benefit is an incentive. Implementing Green Initiatives While many companies and individuals talk about ways they can help the environment, it is still only a few that are actually creating a plan of action. Meeting Professionals International or MPI took its first step in 2006 at the Professional Education Conference, a convention of meeting planners from around the world. MPI worked with the convention center to recycle products from the meeting by donating leftover food bank, donating signs to local schools for art projects and using green catering for conference events (Gardner, 2006). These are simple ways to add a green initiative to the hotel and incorporate a no waste practice at little cost. One way meeting planners can learn what a hotel provides in term of green practice is by placing green request into the request for proposal. Some planners are asking for recycling programs to be in place. Planners are also requesting that hotels have complete green programs in place or their hotel will not be chosen for an event (Gardner, 2006) Banquet Department According to Nancy Wilson of Meeting Strategies Worldwide, these are some steps that can be taken to green the hotel: Use e-mail instead of paper mail Use an online registration system Forgo handing out conference bags unless they are made of recycled materials A really interesting thought is to choose hotels either near the airport or close to all activities relating to the meeting (Gardner, 2006). This will limit carbon dioxide emissions by limiting the need for vehicular transportation from one location to the next. As for food service, the banquet department should update how food and coffee breaks are presented to the guest. Instead of individually wrapped sweets, honey, jams and creams, the hotel needs to switch to bulk containers that can be reused many times, creating less trash (McPhee, 2006). In addition, instead of throwaway utensils, silverware should be supplied to stir coffee and tea. Refillable water jugs that can be set up sporadically throughout the meeting space with real glasses available should be used in place of bottled water. Changing the lighting to energy efficient bulbs in the meeting space, fitness center and employee only areas of the hotel will be high priority. Groups have specific lighting needs for the meeting space, but the fitness center and back of house do not need to have many different types of lighting. Fortunately, there are many new efficient bulbs that can now be dimmed and adjusted to the groups needs in the event space (Fedrizzi and Rogers, 2002). The more intense project will be installing motion sensors throughout the meeting space and back of house. These areas are used for a large amount of time each day, but there are times when no one would be in the areas at all. If the sensors could turn the light on and off when someone walks in or out of a room by detecting body heat, then the energy would be reduce in comparison to when the lights are left on continuously (Serlen, 2008). Guest Room The guest room is a difficult location to implement changes, as it requires the guest to believe what the hotel would like to change. If the guest wants new sheets each day, then the hotel most likely will oblige the guest to make them happy. That being said, many initiatives can be taken to make it easy for the guest to participate in the new policies. Another aspect is how to save energy in empty guest rooms. According to Jeff Sobieski (2008), hotel guestrooms are unoccupied approximately 60% of the time. This mean that for 60% of the time, the hotel can be in control of the temperature and lighting of a guestroom and manage how much energy is being used during that time without interfering with the guests comfort. The following are two examples of energy saving scenarios that can take place in guest rooms. The first is to change light bulbs to energy efficient light bulbs that will last long and use less power. The other change is the turn off program. This program will have the Thermostat linked to the hotel database so the temperature can change when the guest check in and out. This system can also reset itself anytime the guest leaves the room (Freed, 2008). Also, if the room has a balcony, anytime the balcony door opens, the temperature will reset itself. Ran in conjunction with the second scenario, the turn off program, hotels can use in-room occupancy detectors. These detectors use body heat sensors to scan the room to check is a guest has entered or exited the room. Once it detects that someone is in the room, the system will return the temperature of the room back to the guests preference. The sensors can also be used as a way to keep the lights from being left on all day and night. If there is no movement in a present amount of time, the sensors can report database that it is OK to turn off the lights. While this will save energy, some guest prefers to walk into a room with light. This can be fixed by having a hall light turn on when the front door opens so the guest is not entering a dark room. This can be managed by a sensor or by a connection between the door and the light (Hanna, 2008). Restaurant The areas of restaurant and kitchens that are not seen by guests can save energy through a study of how the appliances are used and comparing that to how they are supposed to be used. The main way to save energy in the kitchens is to teach the staff the proper way to use the equipment (Jones, 2002). For example teach the staff to close the refrigerator door when not in use. In addition, keeping the equipment cleaned and maintained will make sure that the equipment is running at its best level; this will help ensure the lowest amount of energy would be used (Lawn, 2008) The idea of replacing the appliances in the laundry area also can be applied to hotel kitchens. For example, a new energy star steam cooker can be 60% more efficient than the regular models available (Brodsky, 2005). This type of savings can be applied to all the appliances. Housekeeping or Laundry The energy saving in the laundry area will require some installing of new appliances and systems. While there will be an initial cost associated with the new appliances, it will save energy in the long run. The first change will be to install new gas dryers that can dry fabric more quickly and use less energy. The other new system is a heat recovery unit that can save the heat from the old water cycle in the laundry and transfer the heat to the clean water being used in the next cycle (Fedrizzi and Rogers, 2002). Both of these options are creating new ways to conserve energy, but not changing the actual process of doing laundry. The hotels housekeeping staff would be responsible for watching for leaks throughout all guest rooms and hotel space. According to Ashwin Patel (2008), a single leak can waste 10,000 liters annually; all sinks, showers and toilets need to be checked for leaks. These are initial step and easy fixes that can be taken while waiting for larger initiatives to take place. Expectation from Green Hotel For many

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

Methods of Refrigeration: Literature Review

Methods of Refrigeration: Literature Review REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Introduction In study of applied thermo dynamics all the while we have been observing heat transfer from a system at higher temperature to that at lower temperature. Now in the study of refrigeration we will be observing various methods of cooling the objects and maintaining the temperature of bodies at values lower than surrounding temperature. According to American society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHARE) â€Å"Refrigeration is the science of providing and maintaining temperature below that of the surrounding (ambient) temperature†. In the olden days around 2500 years B.C. Indians, Egyptians, etc., were producing ice by keeping water in the porous posts open to cold atmosphere during the night period. The evaporation of water in almost cool dry air accompanied with recitative heat transfer in the clear night caused the formation of ice even when the ambient temperature was above the freezing temperature. Further references are available which support the use of ice in China 1000 years BC. Nero, the emperor, was using ice for cooling beverages. Further, the East Indians were able to produce refrigeration by dissolving salt in water as early as 4th century A.D., of course, on very small scale. The use of evaporative cooling is another application of refrigeration used olden days. The cooling of water in earthen pots for drinking purpose; is the most common example where the evaporation for water through the pores of earthen pot is accompanied with cooling of water. The fore said methods of the production of cooling were not feasible for the commercial use due to very small amount of ice production. Availability of natural ice in limited regions and unavailability of good quality insulation confined the application of ice to those localities only. These all led to the development of artificial refrigeration side, a few would be presented here. Thomas Harris and John Long got the earliest British parent in 1790. Later on in 1834 Jacob Perkins developed hand operated refrigeration system using ether (volatile) as the working fluid. Ether vapor is sucked by the hand-operated compressor and then high temperature and pressure either vapor is condensed in the water cooled chamber (condenser). Liquid ether is finally throttled to the lower pressure, and thus evaporation of this liquid in chamber A lowers the temperature of water surrounding the vessel. Finally ice is formed. In this system, ether is used again and again in the cyclic process with negli gible wastage. In 1851, Dr. John Garrie of Florida, a physician obtained the first American patent of a cold air machine to produce ice in order to cure people suffering from the high fever. Instead of air or ether, sulphuric ether was used by Dr. James Harrison of Australia in 1860, the world’s first installation of refrigeration machine for brewery. The steam engine works as a power source which drives the compressor for the pressurization of sulphuric ether vapor, which is, in turn, condensed and is allowed to expand and evaporate in order to produce refrigeration. Dr. Alexander Kirk of England constructed a cold air machine is 1861 similar to that of Dr. Gorrie. The air was compressed by a reciprocating compressor driven by a steam engine running on coal. His actual machine consumed about 1 kg of coal to produce 4 kg of ice (approximately). In the 19th century, there was tremendous development of refrigeration systems to replace natural ice by artificial ice producing machines. Unfortunately steam engine, a very low speed power developing source, was used to drive the compressor, rendering very poor performance of the refrigeration system. Some Recent Advancements of in Refrigeration In the beginning of 20th century, large sized refrigeration machines were under progress. By 1904 about 450 ton cooling system for air conditioning the New York Stock Exchange was installed. In Germany people used air conditioning in theatre for comfort purposes. In around 1911 the compressor speed was raised between 100 to 300 rpm. The first two-stage modem compressor was brought under use in 1915. During the civil war there was an acute shortage of the supply of natural ice from the north. Hence, Ferdinand Care of the USA developed vapour-absorption refrigeration system ammonia as a refrigerant and water as a absorbent. The system consists of an evaporator, an absorber, a pump, a generator, a condenser and an expansion device. The evaporated vapor is absorbed by the weak ammonia-water mixture in the absorber yielding strong aqua ammonia. The pump delivers this strong solution into the generator where heat transfer from a burner separates ammonia vapor and the weak ammonia water returns to the absorber. On the other hand the ammonia vapor condenses in the condenser before being throttled. The throttled ammonia liquid enters the evaporator resulting in completion of the cyclic process. In the beginning of two decades of the twentieth century, the development in refrigeration system was confined to refinement in cold air machines and vapor compression thermoelectric, pulse tube refrigeration systems, etc. The developments are vortex tube, steam-jet refrigeration system, availability of materials of specific properties for thermoelectric materials. The possible use of waste heat or solar energy in case of vapor-absorption and thermoelectric systems has led to development of several commercial units these days especially due to the like hood of future energy crisis, the world is going to face. A condenser is a heat exchanger is which de-superheating of high temperature vapor changes the phase from vapor to liquid and sub cooling of condensate occurs. The condenser is an important device used in the high pressure side of a refrigeration system. Its function is to remove heat of hot vapor refrigerant discharged from the compressor. The hot vapor refrigerant consists of the heat absorbed by the evaporator and the heat of compression added by the mechanical energy of the compressor motor. The heat from the hot vapor refrigerant in a condenser is removed first by transferring it to the walls of the condenser tubes and then from the tubes to the condensing or cooling medium. The cooling medium may be air or water or a combination of the two. An air cooled condenser is one in which the removal of heat is done by air. It consists of steel or copper tubing through which the refrigerant flows. The size of tube usually ranges from 6mm to 18mm outside diameter, depending upon the size of the condenser. Generally copper tubes are used because of its excellent heat transfer ability. The condensers with steel tubes are used in ammonia refrigerating systems. Majority of the domestic refrigerators uses the natural convection air cooled condenser. The present work refrigerator uses the natural convection air cooled condenser. In natural convection air cooled condenser, the heat transfer from the condenser coils to the air is by natural convection. As the air comes in contact with the warm condenser tubes, it absorbs heat from the refrigerant and thus the temperature of air increases. The warm air being lighter, rises up and cold air from below rises to take away the heat from the condenser. This cycle continues in natural convection air cooled condensers. This work is an experimental approach to increase the heat to be rejected in the condenser as well as increase the performance of the system. If the condenser is having more fins spacing then the number of fins avail able at the condenser are less. Due to this surface area decreases. Therefore less heat transfer occurs. On the other hand if the condenser is having less fins spacing then the number of fins available at the Condensers are more. Therefore more heat rejection takes place in the condenser. Because of more heat rejection sub cooling occurs at the exit of the condenser which in turn increases the performance of the system. Decreasing energy consumption and increasing efficiency is one of the most important points in our era. Becoming a matter of primary importance in air conditioning, industrial and commercial cooling applications, supermarket cooling, blast freezing and process cooling applications, energy efficiency affects design of chillers (and its equipment such as condensers, compressors etc.) and urges manufacturers to develop high performance, energy-efficient, environment friendly, economic, and long life products. Becoming a matter of primary importance in air conditioning, industrial cooling, supermarket cooling, commercial cooling, blast freezing and process cooling applications, etc., energy efficiency affects the design of chillers that account for a significant ratio of the energy consumption in plants. Legal legislations that for the short run limit, and in the long run prohibit the use of fluids of high global warming potential, that are detrimental to the ozone layer are also influential on designs. Since air cooled condensers are among the essential components of cooling groups, efforts to improve their energy efficiency are made incessantly, the related national and international standards are upgraded and limitations on their energy consumptions are always increasing. Our statement will convey –in the light of the latest applicable standards- detailed and comparative information on applications aimed at improving the energy efficiency in air cooled condensers, highlighting the importance of energy efficiency in cooling installations. 2.2 The effect of condensation temperature on capacity The condensation temperature of the refrigerant is considered to be 6 °C – 20 °C above air inlet temperature for general purposes. The condensation temperature varies according to the ambient temperature in which the system will operate. This said, the condensation temperature for applications is commonly taken as 30-60 °C. Factors taken into consideration for determining the condensation temperature Ambient temperature, Thermo physical properties of the refrigerant, Properties of the selected compressor and The dimensions of the condenser. While providing the nominal condenser capacity in condensers as per the Euro vent Standard, the air inlet temperature and condensation temperature are taken as 25 °C and 40 °C respectively. In other words, T = 15  °C. A low value should be selected for the temperature differential T, in places of high ambient temperature. For instance, while designing for the conditions of Antalya the T value should be selected within the range of 7 ° 10 ° C. For systems that will operate in outdoor environments in conditions of Turkey, the temperature differential should be lowered as one goes from the north to the south and selections should be made accordingly. It must always be considered that High Compression Temperature creates a load on the compressor that reduces efficiency and shortens its useful life. It will be quite beneficial in the design for the condensation temperature to be specified as low as possible. However, in some conditions it is not possible to take a low value for the condensation temperature. For example in Middle East countries where the outdoor temperature is 50 °C-55 °C, high condenser temperature is unavoidable. The following example shows the compressor absorbed power at various condensation temperatures and the achieved cooling capacities for a semi-hermetic type HGX4/555-4 model compressor manufactured by BOCK, which uses R134A gas. The cooling gas selected for the example is R134A. As seen from the table, when the condensation temperature rises from 30 °C to 60 °C, the compressor draws 25% more power while the cooling capacity drops by 38.5%, the COP value decreases by 51% and the a unit that is 38.5% larger must be used to achieve the cooling capacity declared in the design. 2.3 Tried and True for Millennia Copper tubing has been in use by civilization for thousands of years, and it has been found present in the water lines of Ancient Egypt. Modern-day houses having copper pipes installed 70 years ago are still working well in the present day and require far less to fix and modify than alternative methods. Should you choose copper, you will have very little maintenance, whereas even stainless steel begins to rust over time, especially if it is not painted or coated. There are a great variety of uses for copper tubing. If you invest a high degree into copper, you may be able to easily reclaim your investment with high rates of return for reuse and recycling for example. Copper is a fantastic renewable resource because it is easily recycled. Beneficial Qualities of Copper Tubing Proven Longevity Comparably Lightweight Resistant to Corrosion Can Be Formed to Shape Largely Nontoxic and Non Carcinogenic 2.4 Copper Condenser Coils Condensers are one of the prominent uses of copper tubing. Changing gases into liquids occur at appropriate temperature dew point. Coppers fantastic heat transfer rates are one of the best choices for achieving this goal, exceeding other heat transfer tubing materials (such as aluminum in this case) by nearly 800% while maintaining a strong, lightweight structure. Having a higher heat transfer rate renders less total material necessary for a given space, allowing for more compact, lightweight, and simple condenser applications that minimize back pressure. CTCG builds condensers with copper tubing, aluminum tubing, and stainless steel tubing, to customer printsbut we highly recommend copper tubing for condenser applications. 2.5 All Designs Accepted for Review Whether your coil is, serpentine, coaxial, or completely customized, all designs are accepted for review. Both hard drawn and annealed, flexible copper tubing acceptable for forming and coiling. Easily outsource production runs of custom copper tubing coils or buy bulk loads of custom and non-custom length copper tubing, including level wound coils, water tubing and piping, refrigeration tubing, DWV and capillary tubing. Providing Tubing Coils for Most Industries Copper meets many industries highest standards for excellence; thus we recommend the use of copper for your applications in The Aerospace Industry, Construction Industry, Freon Recycling Industry, Medical Industry, and the AC Refrigeration Industry Most projects can be easily manufactured, including such items as gas turbines, artistic projects, diagnostic hardware, in one to four weeks (and sometimes faster). Check our present inventory to see what tube types can be serviced this month 2.6 Why Copper Copper tubing is the ideal material for many applications. Its strength, the ease with which it is fabricated and soldered, and its high conductivity to heat is invaluable in the process of building homes and industrial buildings, particularly for the refrigeration and air conditioning equipment installed. Tubing made from copper is one of the few naturally-sourced materials that are 100% recyclable, so no metal is lost in reclaiming copper from pipes no longer needed, making it a good choice for the future. Maori Trends and Paradigms: 1919 to Present Day Maori Trends and Paradigms: 1919 to Present Day Research hauora Maori trends and paradigms from 1919 to the present day Unit Standard 18414 Gilanne M. Natividad Identify the Region The TÄ maki Makaurau region stretches from the South Kaipara in the north to the southern reaches of the Manukau Harbour and covers more than 5,600 square kilometres. It is the smallest of the Te Puni KÄ kiri regions but contains the largest population of MÄ ori. Identify the Hauora Maori trends and paradigms Lung cancer Is a disease whereby, cells grow uncontrollably in the lung tissue usually beginning in the lining of the bronchi or bronchioles (small tubes in the lungs, through which air passes while breathing). As these tumours enlarge they can block off the bronchi and restrict the airflow into the lung. They commonly spread into the local lymph nodes and occasionally the chest wall. This reduces the airways capacity leading to shortness of breath and coughing. The growth may lead to metastasis, which is when the cancer spreads to other areas of the body. Smoking is the most common cause of lung cancer and is attributed to approximately 85% of cases. Lung cancer in non-smokers is attributed to a combination of genetic factors, radon gas, asbestos and air pollution, including second-hand smoke. (Cancer NZ) Cervical Cancer Is cancer of the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus or womb. Cervical cancer develops slowly over time, usually taking many years, when abnormal cells grow on the cervix. These abnormal cells are caused by infection with high-risk types of HPV. Abnormalities in the cells of the cervix can be detected by cervical screening and removed. Each year there are around 25,000 abnormal smear test results among New Zealand women. The most important risk factor for cervical cancer is persistent HPV infection. Other factors may contribute, including: Genetics: some women are more likely to get cancer than others (family history) Smoking: tobacco is a factor in causing many types of cancer, including cervical cancer. Women who smoke are twice as likely as non-smokers to develop cervical cancer Nutrition: women with a diet low in fruits and vegetables have an increased risk Number of sexual partners: the more sexual partners a person has, the higher their risk of contracting HPV Not having regular smear tests: this increases a woman’s risk of developing cervical cancer. (Ministry of Health, 2014) Gynaecological cancers are not common cancers but they do take the lives of around 350 New Zealand women each year. Ovarian cancer causes around 190 of these deaths. For all the gynaecological cancers, like most cancers, the risk increases with age. For ovarian and endometrial (lining of the uterus) cancers the causes are not well understood. However it is known that; †¢ Women who have not had children †¢ Women who are overweight May have an increased risk for these cancers a cause of some cervical, vulval and vaginal cancers is a virus called human papilloma virus (HPV). This is a common sexually transmitted virus. Most women are infected with it at some point in their lives. For most women it will never cause any problems. However, for a few women it causes cell changes that can lead to cancer. (Gynaecological Cancers Information for all Women, 2012) Colon Cancer or Bowel Cancer Bowel cancer is named according to where it is found: for example, cancer of the colon, cancer of the rectum or colorectal cancer. This cancer occurs when the cells in some part of the bowel grow abnormally and form a lump or tumour. Most cancers are in the large bowel. Cancer in the small bowel is less common. How common is bowel cancer? The latest provisional information available from the New Zealand Cancer Registry1 recorded 2,759 new cases of colorectal cancer in 2008. It is one of the most common cancers among both men and women in New Zealand. It may occur at any age, although 90 percent of cases are found in people over the age of 50. There are different risk factors in developing Bowel Cancer: Lifestyle A diet high in fat and protein and low in fruit and vegetables Alcohol consumption Weight gain, particularly around the waist Low rates of physical activity. Family History of Bowel Cancer Rare Genetic Conditions (Bowel Cancer Matepukupuku Puku Hamuti, 2009) Identify traditional approaches to Hauora Maori Models of health The Medical Wheel (Stamler, 2003) Purpose: effectiveness of healthcare for Maori by delivering quality service. 4 themes Mental Emotional Spiritual Physical Te Pae Mahutonga (Durie, 2011) Purpose: the star constellation focuses on modern health promotion 4 stars Mauriora – cultural identity Waiora – environmental protection Toiora – healthy lifestyle Te Oronga – participation in society Te Wheke (Pere, 1984) Purpose: this is to link between the mind, spirit, human connection with the whanau and the physical world. 10 components Te whÄ nau – the family Waiora – total wellbeing for the individual and family Wairuatanga – spirituality Hinengaro – the mind Taha tinana – physical wellbeing Whanaungatanga extended family Mauri – life force in people and objects Mana ake – unique identity of individuals and family HÄ  a koro ma, a kui ma – breath of life from forbearers Whatumanawa – the open and healthy expression of emotion Te Whare Tapa Wha (Durie, 1984) Purpose: is to set foundation for a holistic approach and to reflect on a way of being 4 components Wairua spiritual Hinengaro mind Tinana body Whanau – family Utilising of Maori medicine Rongoa MÄ ori – traditional MÄ ori medicine Rongoais the MÄ ori term for medicines that are produced from native plants in New Zealand. Use of these medicines prevented many sicknesses, and provided remedies for the sick. In traditional MÄ ori healing, diagnosis involved a holistic approach that included mind, body and spirit mauri(spark or life force),wairua(spirit), andtapu(natural law).Whakapapaor genealogy was also considered. Tohunga, the medical practitioners of the MÄ ori world, passed their knowledge down through the generations, and modern MÄ ori healers still use many of the concepts and practices.(100% New Zealand, 1999) Identify issues to primary and secondary health service Discrimination The role of discrimination and racism in harming health is not new but has received increasing attention over the past 20 years. Doctors have been shown to be less likely to advocate for preventive measures for Maori patients than for non-Maori patients, and Maoris may be less likely than non-Maoris to be referred for surgical care. (Lis Ellison-Loschmann, 2006) Accessibility Access has been defined in terms of both ‘access to’ and ‘access through’ health care, the latter concept taking into account the quality of the service being provided. Health care need and health care quality have been developed into framework for measuring disparities in access to care, a framework that includes broader environmental and societal factors like racism that may affect access. There is increasing evidence that Maoris and non-Maoris differ in terms of access to both primary and secondary health care services that Maoris are less likely to be referred for surgical care and specialist services, and that, given the disparities in mortality, they receive lower than expected levels of quality hospital care than non-Maoris. One survey showed that 38% of Maori adults reported problems in obtaining necessary care in their local area, as compared with 16% of non-Maoris. Maoris were almost twice as likely as non-Maoris (34% vs 18%) to have gone without health care in the past year because of the cost of such care. This adds to previous evidence that cost is a significant barrier to Maoris’ access to health services. (Lis Ellison-Loschmann, 2006) Affordability Many of the Maori people are unemployed due to lack of qualifications for they did not have a chance to study. This results to not being able to avail the health services offered in Tamaki Makau Rau whether it is primary or secondary health services. Instead of seeking professional help from the doctors or health workers, they tend to self-medicate by buying over the counter medicines to have a relief on whatever symptoms they are experiencing. The development of Maori health services At the beginning of the 20th century, Maori leadership played a key role in advancing health promotion and disease control activities within Maori communities.This approach was to be important throughout the century, and there are many examples of both national and local Maori-led initiatives committed to advancing Maori health. These initiatives occurred outside of the mainstream services being provided at the time, which made them vulnerable to changes in government and funding availability. An opportunity for the focused development of Maori provider services emerged with the introduction of the 1991 health reforms. However, this restructuring of health and social services also led to a widening gap in inequality, as evident in such key determinants of health as income, education, employment, and housing. Moreover, the reforms had direct effects on the health of Maoris, particularly that of children. What are the differences between health services provided by Maoris and those provided by non-Maoris? Crengle identified use of Maori models of health and promotion of positive Maori development as 2 key philosophies underpinning Maori primary health care services. Maori cultural processes used as a basis for developing and delivering contemporary health services that support self-sufficiency and Maori control are crucial to the success of these provider organizations. Maori provider services have specifically identified access issues as a key factor and have used a range of strategies to address these issues, including extensive mobile services and outreach clinics (alongside a health center service base), free or low-cost health care, employment of primarily Maori staff who are more likely to have access to Maori consumers in their communities,and active inclusion of the community in the planning and delivery of services. The number of Maori health providers increased from 13 in 1993 to 240 in 2004. However, these providers continue to face a number of difficulties. For example, a lack of good primary health data, such as ethnicity data, has limited the potential of many Maori health providers, and a small Maori health work-force has been quickly absorbed into the growing number of Maori provider organizations. Also, the short contract time frames in place require extensive renegotiations each year. In addition, because Maori providers work primarily with families at high levels of need in terms of health services, increased costs are inevitable if health gains are to be achieved, and funders must take this situation into account. Similar policy initiatives have recently been adopted in Canada and Australia to improve the health of indigenous peoples; however, the contractual environments in these countries lean toward single multiyear funding contracts for comprehensive primary health care, and there is early evidence that such systems are more efficient for providers and promote better outcomes among consumers. It is too soon to assess the effects that the Maori provider organizations are having on the health status of Maoris, and these organizations should be viewed as representing one of a package of necessary long-term measures. Although the evidence that such strategies are effective is not yet available, there is certainly evidence that the reverse is true; that is, health service provision with little Maori participation results in poor Maori outcomes. (Lis Ellison-Loschmann, 2006) Government Health Policy i.e Whanau Ora It is when the family is empowered as a whole in facing the health problems instead of focusing individually with the whanau members. It encourages the family to help one another in dealing with sickness or any ailments by giving them health lectures, brochures and pamphlets with regards to the disease. Explain the research methodology Result of consultation with local iwi and/or hapu Consultation helps develop a cooperative working relationship with local Iwi and Hapu. Te reo drives tikanga and kawa for each Iwi and Hapu. It is done usually before and during the research, for the researchers to advise them of the nature of the intended study and invite their comments and/ or involvement. Ethical and cultural considerations within a hauora context As a researcher, we should secure consent first. So that the subject will be aware on what is the scope of the research and on how he or she can participate. It is also given to secure his/her rights as a subject. The researcher should also consider his client’s cultural safety by not putting into risk his client’s cultural beliefs. The researcher should also work on establishing the relationship and set rapport or also known as whakapapa-kawakia. The researcher should allow his client to do their Karakia before and after their session. Data collection and tikanga Data is collected for this unit standard by using different available resources which involves the three trends namely Lung Cancer, Gynaecological Cacer and Bowel Cancer. These are by utilizing books, journals, websites and notes from our lectures with respect to the Tikanga of the subject. It I important to observe their Tikanga for they will uphold each other’s culture and beliefs. Describe the research methodology in accordance with research ethics and tikanga Maori, ensuring you cover the following areas: Complete literature review has been already submitted. Sourcing information References: Bowel Cancer Matepukupuku Puku Hamuti. (2009) Cancer Society: Understanding Cancer, 7-10. Gynaecological Cancers Information for All Women. (2012) Cancer Society, 1-2 Ministry of Health. (2014, January 23). Retrieved January 30,2014, from Ministry of Health, http://www.health.govt.nz/your-health/condition-and-treatment/diseases-and-illnesses/cancer/cervical-cancer Te Puni Kokiri. (2012, March 6). Retrieved January 30, 2014, from Te Puni Kokiri: http://www.tpk.govt.nz/ Ministry of Health. (2010). Trends in Cancer Incidence by Ethics and Socioeconomic Group, New Zealand 1981-2004. Trends in Cancer Incidence by Ethics and Socioeconomic Group, New Zealand 1981-2004, 52-57 The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright  ©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. The Free Dictionary. (n.d.) Retrieved January 30, 2014, from The Free Dictionary, http://www.thefreedictionary.com/auckland Procedures for recording and analysing information and presenting findings Assessment Task 2 Analyse research regarding hauora Maori trends and paradigms from 1919 to the present day The table above shows the cancer registration by tumour sites for Maori clients in year 2003-2006, Northern Region. There is a high significance rate which is 63% in Lung Cancer for Maori people. This is mainly because of the exposure to cigarette smoking and second hand smoke that the Maori people are experiencing. Next is, Colorectal Cancer with 18%, which mainly caused by not eating enough vegetables high in fibre. The diet of the Maori people has a major impact in the second leading cancer. Most of the Maori people eats meat and processed food which contributes in acquiring colorectal cancer. The next three types of cancer are under the umbrella of gynaecological cancer for women. These three has different contributing risk factors which are obesity, improper diet, number of pregnancy and genetics. It can be prevented by undergoing screening and regular check-up with their OB-Gyne. Most of the Maori women are getting pregnant with their first child at an early age which causes them to bear more children through their lifetime that may cause one of these cancers. Assessment Task 3 Present your findings and explain a present day health priority for Maori The leading five female cancer registrations were breast, colorectal, melanoma, lung and uterus in the Northern Region and nationally for the period 2003-2006, accounting for approximately 65% of all female cancers. The leading five male cancer registrations were cancers of the prostate, colorectal, melanoma, lung and non-Hodgkin’s cancer in the Northern Region and nationally for the period 2003-2006, accounting for approximately 65% of all male cancers. Uterine cancer was the second most common cancer (12%) amongst Pacific women, both nationally and in the Northern Region. Cervical cancer was among the five most common female cancers in Maori, Pacific and Asian women but not in European/Other women in the Northern Region. Nationally, cervical cancer was in the top five female cancers for Asian women only. In the early years, Maori people don’t have the enough knowledge with Cancer and they seek help with their local village doctor and instructed to take herbal medicines to relieve whatever symptoms they were experiencing that moment. And later on will be deceased due to different complications without knowing the real cause. The present day health priority for Maori is early screening for cancers. For female Maoris, they can undergo mammography for breast cancer screening, and Pap smear for cervical cancer screening. For male Maoris, they can undergo Digital Rectal Examination to check if there are any tenderness and lumps in their prostate. Early prevention is important for there are many treatments that can be used like surgical removal of lumps or undergoing radiotherapy and chemotherapy treatments. The chance of survival is high when the cancer is diagnosed at the early stage. Proper health education and having Maori representatives in public health care services is important for the Maori, for they will feel that they are safe and secured if they will speak to their co-Maori people in regards with their health concerns. The partnership of the Maori with The Crown will help the Maori people to avail the different health services offered by The Ministry of Health with respect to their culture and beliefs.